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To examine the association of red meat and whole-grain bread consumption with plasma levels of biomarkers related to glucose metabolism, oxidative stress, inflammation and obesity.
The observed inverse association between whole-grain bread consumption and plasma CRP levels is in line with a cross-sectional analysis among 902 diabetic women in the Nurses Health Studyy, which suggested that consumption of whole grains and cereal fiber was associated with lower inflammatory markers such as CRP and soluble TNF receptor 2 [ 14].
Our results showed that oat bread consumption for 4 weeks significantly increases the serum NO level and brachial artery diameters (both before and after ischemia).
The results of the present study also suggest that the relation of red meat consumption with higher hs-CRP levels may be modified by higher whole-grain bread consumption or factors closely related to it.
We then combined the lower 4 quintiles of whole-grain bread consumption and compared the associations between red meat intake and circulating biomarker levels in persons with whole-grain bread consumption in the highest quintile and in persons in the lower quintiles.
In summary, this study indicates that DON exposure is ubiquitous in the United Kingdom and urinary levels of DON are positively correlated with cereal intake, particularly bread consumption.
This study also suggests that the cross-sectional association of red meat consumption with increased levels of hs-CRP could be modified by high whole-grain bread consumption.
Given the bread consumption data collected in this study, to achieve the targeted additional intake of 140 μg/d, a mandatory fortification level of 160 μg folic acid/100 g bread may be required.
In this analysis, the positive association between red meat consumption and plasma levels of hs-CRP and GGT was less pronounced in participants in the highest quintile of whole-grain bread consumption in comparison with individuals in the lowest quintile of whole-grain consumption (data not shown).
Similar trends are observed in tap water consumption levels.
Bread consumption has risen to compete with rice, while beer and wine are outpacing sake.
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