Tobacco brand appearance: clear and unambiguous tobacco branding, including cigarette or other tobacco packs, and branded merchandising.
Electronic cigarette content: coded as for tobacco use, implied use or brand appearance.
Alcohol brand appearance: clear and unambiguous alcohol branding on a product consumed or otherwise visible in the scene, or in advertisements, logos or other recognizable branded material.
Product placement in movies is forbidden for cigarettes in the USA but is legal and commonplace for the alcohol industry, with half of Hollywood films containing at least one alcohol brand appearance, regardless of film rating.
Of the 138 movies analyzed, 49 percent were rated PG-13, 20.5 percent were PG and 7.5 percent were G. "We found that a surprising proportion of movies that were targeted to children and adolescents featured brand appearances," the authors wrote.
In the fourth quarter of 2007, an average prime-time hour contained eight minutes and five seconds of in-show brand appearances.
We also found slightly higher rates of tobacco brand appearances than in the earlier study, at 4% versus 1.5% for tobacco [ 35].
Cigarette brand appearances are also common [ 5], although it has been reported that there are varying perspectives within Hollywood on rates of tobacco use in films, the necessity of portraying tobacco use, and Hollywood's 'degree of responsibility for societal smoking' (p. 384) [ 6].
Local black trans activist and blogger Monica Roberts also branded Jenner's appearance a failure in a post titled "Caitlyn Comes To H-town, Screws Up Again".
Following the McDonald's business franchisee model, where the look and service of outlets do not differ across any location [ 29], project-run clinics were branded with uniform appearance and services across all intervention sites to facilitate greater acceptance and easy recognition by truckers.
