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Injection uncertainties lead to the uncertainties of branch flow, which poses great threats to network security.
Equations (24) and (25) represent the modification for the power injections in case of computing the bus voltage v i and branch flow z i, respectively.
Therefore, the PDF of branch flow is tend to be an approximate normal distribution, which makes the GC-PLF calculation method effectual in this case.
Equations (23) and (24) indicate that the system should accommodate the worst scenario realization of branch flow under injection uncertainties for safe operation.
It is assumed that PDN of MEI is a radial one, DistFlow model and Branch flow can be implemented to formulate PDN of MEI.
This feature makes the skew and higher odd orders cumulants of the branch flow distribution sharply decreased, meanwhile rises the higher even orders cumulants.
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Flowing between Antarctica and the South Pacific Current is the cold Antarctic Circumpolar Current, which constitutes the other portion of the South Pacific circulation system; as it reaches the South American coast in the region of 45° S, one branch flows northward along the coast to form the Peru (Humboldt) Current, and a second branch flows southward to pass through the Drake Passage.
In the rapid passage from ground to cloud, the luminous return stroke is observed to pause at points where large branches join the main channel, and the channel is observed to brighten as charge from the branch flows into the channel.
The easternmost branch flows first to the south, roughly along the 180° meridian, before turning back to the east in the vicinity of 50° S as the warm South Pacific Current; between 80° and 90° W this flow turns northward and then westward as the Mentor Current, the waters eventually returning to the South Equatorial Current.
Table 6 shows the ARMS for PDFs of voltage magnitudes and branch flows.
This matrix explains the sensitivity of branch flows to nodal injection powers.
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