The relationships between repeated auditory exposure to a sound and neurocellular modifications of the auditory system is an active area of developmental research; cellular and synaptic plasticity can occur with enhanced receptive field selectivity and enhanced representations in the brainstem and primary auditory cortex for specific features of the stimulus [see 77] [78 for extended reviews].
We compared these measurements in the healthy and lesioned sides at different levels in the brainstem caudal to the primary lesion.
In the context of vocal learning, the most pressing question is whether elephants possess direct connections between telencephalic neurons and the primary vocal motor neurons in the brainstem controlling the vocal apparatus (following the Kuypers/Jürgens hypothesis) [ 5 9].
Promoter 1b of the Lsamp gene is notably active in the sensory pathways ranging from the brainstem and sensory nuclei in the thalamus and up to the primary sensory areas in the cortex.
The neuropathology of sALS is in most cases characterized by TDP-43 cytoplasmic accumulation in neurons and glia of the primary motor cortex, brainstem motor nuclei, spinal cord, and associated white matter tracts(Mackenzie et al., 2007).
Within the human brainstem-homeostatic forebrain connectome, we observed that a lateral forebrain bundle, whose connectivity is distinct from that of rodents and nonhuman primates, is the primary conduit for connections between the brainstem and medial temporal lobe.
Vision, audition and touch are characterized by a topographical mapping of the sensory world onto the peripheral sensory epithelia (retinotopic, cochleotopic and somatotopic mapping), which is maintained along the pathway (e.g. thalamus and other brainstem nuclei) all the way into the primary sensory cortices.
More over, the SC has been identified as the primary brainstem center controlling the orienting movement, ie, head, eyes and body in a well-coordinated manner.
Much of the primary afferent and brainstem processing network involved in reflex cough has been described in detail elsewhere (see references above) and is therefore not the subject of the present review.
The vagus nerve arises in the brainstem and innervates many organs in the body, being especially represented in the heart.
