For the northern blot analysis, freshly isolated RNA from mouse brain tissues was separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to a nylon membrane, and analyzed with 32P-labeled DNA probes.
Cell extracts and brain tissue were separated into whole-cell and mitochondrial fractions using differential centrifugation.
Solubilized protein samples from human brain tissue were separated with 1D SDS (12%) PAGE electrophoresis with pre-cast gels (Bio-Rad, Hercules, CA, USA).
We then defined six lobar regions as follows: first brain tissue was separated from nonbrain using FAST FMRIBB's automated segmentation tool) [ 22]; secondly, the AAL mask (automated anatomical labeling)[ 23] was coregistered to the individual data.
After removing the brain halves, the TG tissues were separated from the cranial base.
The rats were decapitated and bilateral hippocampus brain tissues and equal amounts of cortical tissues were separated rapidly, weighed, and placed in an ice-cold Dounce homogenizer.
PK-treated (50 μg/mL for 1 hour at 37°C) and untreated brain homogenates corresponding to 0.7 mg or 0.3 mg brain tissue, respectively, were separated on 12% Bis/Tris Acrylamide gels (NuPAGE, Invitrogen) and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes (Protran, Schleicher & Schüll, Germany).
Pancreas and brain tissue lysates were separated via nonreducing SDS-PAGE.
Brain tissues were subjected to a further capillary depletion method to separate the parenchyma from brain capillaries.
In contrast, UPGMA clustered blood, liver and muscles in separate groups, while brain tissues were grouped together with fat, thyroid and adrenal glands; blood and liver were in distinct groups.
