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Although negative experiences in early life do not inevitably lead to changes in brain structure or function, there is now compelling evidence from hundreds of neuroimaging studies that severe deprivation, abuse, or neglect in early life can have a negative impact on brain development.
Few animal studies have addressed whether adolescent nicotine exposure exerts unique or lasting effects on brain structure or function.
We are not aware of prior studies that have compared brain structure or function in a group of individuals with PPTH to a group with migraine and thus are unable to compare our findings to others.
Previous attempts at mapping the cortex the wrinkly, outermost layers of the brain responsible for sensory and motor processing, language, and reasoning have had mixed results because some were based on small samples and others focused on just one aspect of brain structure or function.
As allele frequency for many genetic polymorphisms differs based on racial and ethnic background, this leads to questions about differences in brain structure or function based on ancestry.
Advances in developmental neuroscience have raised an important question: Might increased adolescent risk-taking be attributable in part to maturational differences from adults (or younger children) in regional brain structure or function?
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Many philosophers pressed the case that sensory qualia — what it is like to feel pain, to see red, etc. — are not addressed or explained by a physical account of either brain structure or brain function.
However, defective maintenance of brain structure, or faulty brain function, after birth may play key roles in the etiology of these disorders (Okado et al., 2001; Trembath, 1994).
Structural MRI and blood flow studies, however, depend on gross changes in brain structure and function that suggest gross atrophy or a functional alteration that has already occurred.
However, it is not yet clear how these different measurements of brain structure and function relate to cognitive or emotional function, impulse control, or social maturity of adolescents and young adults.
Brain structure and function and cognitive performance are assessed using structural and functional magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalographic recordings.
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