By studying the mouse brains, researchers hope to gain insights into the relationship between genes and brain structure in humans.
Moreover, orthologues of FOXP2 show conserved expression in equivalent brain structures in humans, rodents, birds, reptiles, and fish, with notable similarities in sublocalisation (Fisher and Marcus, 2006; Vargha-Khadem et al., 2005).
The RMS is a track of neural precursors that originates in the subependymal zone of the lateral ventricles and terminates in the olfactory bulb, contributing to neural turnover in this brain structure in both rodents and humans [25], [26].
Identification of human brain structures in MR images comprises an area of increasing interest, which also presents numerous methodological challenges.
Prenatal nicotine exposure has been associated with altered brain structure and function in human offspring, and a proposed biological mechanism is related to nicotine's adverse influence on neurotransmitter systems during brain development.
Bublitz et al. [ 66] reviewed the results from the small number of studies investigating the association between maternal smoking during pregnancy and brain structure and function in human offspring, and concluded that this exposure has adverse effects.
"But in order to explain this hypothesis of parallels between vocal imitation structures in the bird brain and language structures in human brains, I first have to get around this hundred-year-old dogma that their brains are so very different". As a proselytizer for new paradigms in brain science, Jarvis himself is perhaps a new--or at least rare-- paradigm" forare-- paradigmtist.
A functional association between new genes and newly evolved brain structure was observed in humans [ 22, 23] and Drosophila [ 24].
While studies in animals have found these benefits reflected in brain structure, prior neuroscience studies in humans zeroed in on at-risk kids, such as children raised in orphanages, which made the results difficult to generalize.
Also, functional neuroanatomy uses medical imaging techniques to correlate variations in human brain structure with differences in cognition or behavior.
