2, 42 This suggests a localized effect of A β pathology on brain structure in early-MCI individuals.
Conversely, experimentally elevated estrogens during early development demasculinise copulatory behaviour in birds generally, but masculinise brain structure in songbirds (e.g. [14] [16]).
VCFS also demonstrates notable similarities to schizophrenia in overall neurocognitive profile (Chow et al. 2006; Lewandowski et al. 2007), and brain structure in VCFS appears similar to that found in schizophrenia in some respects (Gothelf et al. 2007a, b, 2008).
These studies found that conspicuousness of different visual objects modulates the oscillatory activity recorded from central brain structures in the 20 30 Hz range.
Although the neuroanatomical correlates of training-related plasticity mediating vestibular sensory processing have not been previously investigated, 2 previous studies assessed brain structure in dancers (Hanggi et al. 2010; Hüfner et al. 2011).
Studies of mTBI have also demonstrated abnormalities of brain structure in several of the regions that we identified to have different structure in PPTH compared to migraine [17 19].
There is also an analogous brain structure in cephalopods with well-developed brains, such as octopuses.
Possible causes of ADHD include physical trauma to the brain, problems during pregnancy or delivery, genetic abnormalities, and differences in brain structure (National Institute of Mental Health 2005) in addition to or in concert with environmental exposures.
Sexual differentiation of brain structures in higher mammals occurs during the fetal period (weeks 9 38) (Tsuruo 2005), and aromatase, the enzyme that converts androgens into estrogen, is expressed by nerve cells localized in specific brain structures during this period.
While it has often been suggested that developmental changes in brain function may reflect and contribute to changes in brain structure (Cohen Kadosh 2011; Crone and Ridderinkhof 2011; Scherf et al. 2012), no studies have directly investigated this with regard to face-processing abilities.
Moreover, autoradiographic studies have shown that chronic oral administration of ACE inhibitor quinapril lowers ACE density in several brain structures by 35 38% [ 39].
