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The idea that intellect had something to do with cranial capacity was – and to some people, still is – an attractive one, and generations of researchers tried to find new ways to measure brain size and shape, and match it with apparent intellectual performance.
Binary masks of every subject's brain size and shape were calculated using the Brain Extraction Tool (BET) [28].
All SPECT and PET images were transformed into the standard brain size and shape by linear and nonlinear transformation using SPM2 for anatomic standardization [ 24].
Structural MRI analysis relies on the normalization of the natural variations in brain size and shape to fit a predefined spatial template and allow standardized comparisons to be made at a group level.
In total, 20 genes were found to be necessary for proper brain size and shape, with subsets also affecting eye development, axon tract organization, movement behaviors and muscle formation.
On top of these factors, brain samples are obtained from different mice, resulting in that the overall brain size and shape, as well as the contour of each brain anatomy region, can vary significantly even if one examines the same brain region at the same section position.
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Establishing automated software in veterinary patients is challenging due to difficulties in automatic brain extraction algorithms arising from the great variation is head shape and brain size and conformation.
Together, these findings indicate that brain evolution and trophic adaptations may interact through phenotypic integration of brain size and head shape.
Researchers measured differences in brain size and in sulci shape and location factors that have been shown to reflect the underlying cortical organization of the brain in previous studies.
After controlling for phylogenetic non-independence, we also found evolutionary associations between head shape, brain size and feeding ecology.
There is increasing evidence supporting the hypothesis of sexual selection acting as an evolutionary force shaping brain size and structure, although there are also contradictory results.
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