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Compared with other species, we have "a much longer immaturity, a much larger relative brain size, and a much greater ability to learn".
The inactivation of AspM in transgenic mice leads to a significant reduction of the brain size and a massive reduction of germ cells [22].
While a small brain size and a relatively simple neuronal organization in combination with a short life span used to be common arguments for rejecting an important role for brain plasticity in insects, several neurogenetic studies have overthrown this assumption (as reviewed by Dukas. 2008 [2008).
These data are convincing and point to a reduced overall brain size and a thinner cerebral cortex.
Additionally, we use data on brain size and a large database on innovative behaviour and tool use to test whether brain size (i) explains innovative behaviour and success in applying tools when foraging and (ii) has some correlative role in the success of colonization of islands.
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Although there is no simple relationship between brain size and intelligence, a skull's interior volume, when corrected for body size, is taken by paleoanthropologists as a rough index of hominid intellectual capacity.
Plots describe the partial regression relationship between structure volume, after controlling for allometric effects with brain size, and either an ecological character or sexual traits, for which the association with brain size, if any, is controlled (see Fig. 1).
Before accurate measures using neuroimaging techniques were possible, head size was used as a proxy for brain size, and there was a small, but statistically significant, association between head size and intelligence: in adults a mean correlation of around 0.2 [ 6].
The association between brain size and smartness is a debated issue, largely due to the lack of experimental data.
Previous studies have suggested there may be a sex difference in any association between brain size and cognitive ability, with a stronger association for men [ 15].
In animal models, microcephaly is defined as a reduced brain size and it has been recapitulated in a number of genetic mouse models as well as by prenatal exposure to ionizing radiation (Kitamura et al., 2001; Sun et al., 1995).
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