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Studies of human craniosynostosis [22], [23] and immature head banding [23] suggest that the development of brain shape and size is closely interrelated to the configuration of dura matter as well as the co-developing cranial vault.
The differences between Chinese and U.S. child templates in brain shape and size were also consistent with previously reported differences between North American and Asian adult templates (Lee et al., 2005; Tang et al., 2010).
We compared the consistency of brain shape and size between the original brain images to four different types of average templates including the nationality-appropriate child templates, nationality-inappropriate child template, Chinese56 adult template, and the US20 24 adult template.
First, we examined the sagittal, coronal, and axial scale values obtained from the linear (12-dof affine) registration process to estimate the changes of the brain shape and size during the registration.
Differences in brain shape and size (Semendeferi and Damasio 2000), skull shape (Penin et al. 2002; Neubauer et al. 2010), skeletal and musculature differentiation (Kikuchi 2010), and changes in dentition (Fukase 2012) and digestion (Babbitt et al. 2010; Watkins et al. 2010) have all occurred.
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Establishing automated software in veterinary patients is challenging due to difficulties in automatic brain extraction algorithms arising from the great variation is head shape and brain size and conformation.
Then, we performed mPGLS with λ = 1, i.e. a Brownian motion model, to test the integration between head shape and brain size.
In the adult, the brain, about the shape and size of a small sweet potato, was completely encased in fused bones.
The brain enlargement characteristic of both Neanderthals and modern humans appears to have followed distinct evolutionary trajectories in the two lineages, with Neanderthals retaining an archaic brain shape despite larger size, and modern humans exhibiting distinct shape, as well as increasing size (Bruner et al. 2004).
In the autistic group, one brain was excluded because of severe postmortem autolysis distorting neuronal shape and size; three brains, because of hypoxic encephalopathy; and one, because of multiple microinfarcts.
For his part, Vanderbilt likened the technique to a more reputable form of phrenology, a pseudoscience that attempted to discern brain activity and personality from the shape and size of people's skull.
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