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The alteration of neural network may imply that migraine is associated with functional brain reorganization.
Data from experimental animals provided crucial information on plausible cellular and molecular substrates contributing to brain reorganization underlying skill acquisition in humans.
However, brain imaging and cerebral connectivity analytical techniques have provided invaluable insights into such mechanisms and identified two main patterns of brain reorganization depending on stroke severity.
Based on global and regional analyses of the brain network topology we demonstrated brain reorganization in IUGR infants at one year of age.
Moreover, TMS represents a useful non-invasive approach for studying cortical physiology, and may be helpful in elucidating the pathophysiological mechanisms of brain reorganization after SCI.
In the present study we used diffusion MRI based connectomics to obtain structural brain networks of a prospective cohort of one year old infants (32 controls and 24 IUGR) and analyze the existence of quantifiable brain reorganization of white matter circuitry in IUGR group by means of global and regional graph theory features of brain networks.
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Furthermore, neonatal sucking activity released by, among other stimuli, mammary odors has potential impacts on structural and functional brain reorganizations, especially in the oxytocinergic neural networks of the hypothalamus (supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei) [40].
To minimize the potential contribution of neighbouring sensorimotor representations beyond the homunculus, clusters centred in the secondary somatosensory cortex and in the posterior parietal cortex surviving the contrasting and masking procedures were discarded from this analysis (see Makin et al., 2015 for a study of whole-brain reorganization in amputees).
Recently, several studies investigated the activity of resting state network in migraine and showed alterations in brain functional reorganization.
On the other hand, environmental complexity induces multiple changes in the brain, promoting reorganization of sensorial cortices (i.e. visual, olfactory and tactile cortices develop in response to the exposure to environmental stimuli), enhancing synaptic plasticity (by increasing LTP), dendritic spine density and expression of synaptic proteins, receptors and neurotrophins [50].
Although the ability of RS fMRI to detect brain functional reorganization in MS has been proved, the role of FC alterations in the pathogenesis of MS, as well as the potential relationship between resting-state network reorganization and clinical disability, remains not completely understood.
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