IGD subjects showed a significant increase in regional homogeneity in the inferior parietal lobe, left posterior cerebellum, and left middle frontal gyrus and decreased regional homogeneity in temporal, occipital, and parietal brain regions compared with healthy controls [ 61].
Researchers found that when the study participants were sleep deprived and undergoing the image test, they had exceedingly high activity in the amygdala and insular cortex brain regions, compared with when they had had a full night's sleep.
These changes suggest that these regions have reduced connections with other brain regions compared with normally sighted subjects.
Between-group analysis showed that children with type 1 diabetes had significantly reduced axial diffusivity (AD) in widespread brain regions compared with control subjects.
Whole-brain voxel-wise statistic analysis showed that patients with COPD had significantly lower FA in a broad range of brain regions compared with controls (figure 5, table 4).
In a study of rectal distension, pain, or discomfort, patients with IBS have fairly variable differences in activated brain regions compared with controls, generally comprising divisions of the PFC, ACC, MCC, insula, amygdala, hypothalamus, and brainstem nuclei [ 33].
Furthermore, in ASD individuals, there is increasing evidence for abnormal white matter integrity between fronto-limbic and fronto-striatal brain regions, compared with controls (Radua et al. 2011; Langen et al. 2012; Pardini et al. 2012; Poustka et al. 2012).
Interestingly, our Western blotting analyses showed that in C4/− mice there is an increase of the α cleavage in ischemic brain regions compared with sham-operated C4/− control animals.
As shown in Fig. 6A,B, expression of the three fusion genes was reduced by 22 70% in the hippocampus and frontal cortex of comorbid mice, whereas expression of the two fission genes were increased by 25 60% in the two brain regions, compared with controls.
In addition, mice of both sexes exposed to low doses of BPA prenatally (20 µg/kg of BPA daily from embryonic day until postnatal day 21) and throughout lactation had an increase in serotonin and dopamine (involved in mood, memory, and learning) levels in certain brain regions compared with a control group not exposed to BPA (Nakamura et al. 2010).
