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Our results suggest that fluoxetine acts on the brain microenvironment to enhance its capacity to foster metastasis.
We hypothesized that if fluoxetine was changing the brain microenvironment to foster growth of established brain tumors, this should enhance the ability of any brain-resident tumors to grow within the brain.
Whether nanoparticles reach brain tumors by the enhanced permeation and retention (EPR) effect or by direct administration during or after surgery, they must be able to penetrate within the brain microenvironment to reach infiltrative cells that cause tumor recurrence and to provide more uniform drug distribution within tumors.
The biological mechanisms associated with these proteins and breast cancer brain metastases remain hypothetical, but breast cancer cells that express CD133 or nestin might share features of neural stem cells and might thus be particularly well adapted to the brain microenvironment to initiate brain metastases.
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These results are consistent with the brain microenvironment contributing to GBM radioresistance in situ.
As the global and indirect mechanisms for the impairment of the stemness of NSPCs in MCMV-infected fetal brain, we would like to propose the disturbances caused by soluble mediators from activated macrophages and the alteration of the brain microenvironment due to the improper distribution of microglia together with an aberrant increase in number.
Microglia, the immune cells of the brain, constantly survey the brain microenvironment and respond to infection or injury.
Increased microgliosis could be indicative of a neurodegenerative process, since microglia monitor the brain microenvironment and respond to tissue injury and degeneration [ 35, 45].
The fact that diffuse infiltrative glioma cells tend to blend in extensively in the brain microenvironment makes it hard to plan an effective counterattack.
This provides a starting point for further investigations into possible mechanisms of interaction between various neuroactive drugs, tumor cells, and the brain microenvironment, which may lead to the discovery of compounds that inhibit metastasis to the brain.
Consequently, under certain pathological conditions in which the brain microenvironment is altered due to disease-induced stress, infections, or trauma, the injured CNS becomes immune competent and immune reactive [ 1].
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