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Brain microenvironment is important in determining survival, migration and differentiation of exogenously transplanted progenitor cells and stem cells.
This changing brain microenvironment is tightly regulated by the brain microvasculature which functions to segregate the blood from brain interstitial fluid.
Apparently, the brain microenvironment is especially permissive for the growth of disseminated tumor cells from some carcinomas but not from others.
Activation of microglia in response to alterations in the brain microenvironment is a dynamic process [ 1], characterized by a change in the microglial shape and phagocytic behaviour.
Consequently, under certain pathological conditions in which the brain microenvironment is altered due to disease-induced stress, infections, or trauma, the injured CNS becomes immune competent and immune reactive [ 1].
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The mechanisms by which metastatic tumor cells adapt to the selection pressure exerted by the brain microenvironment are still unknown.
Leakage of plasma proteins, including fibrinogen and IgG into the brain microenvironment was observed in patients with m.3243A>G and m.8344A>G mutations.
However, there is a body of evidence suggesting that interactions of metastatic tumour cells with the blood brain barrier and brain microenvironment are also involved in the colonization process [ 45].
Cerebrovascular pathological conditions such as stroke, Alzheimer's, and multiple sclerosis involving a change in brain microenvironment are characteristically accompanied by BBB dysfunction [ 20], thereby emphasizing the necessity of maintaining a proper barrier function and integrity to conserve the brain tissue microenvironment.
Being a main constituent of the neurovascular unit, microglia are actively involved in maintaining a healthy brain microenvironment that is crucial for neuronal function and survival [ 48].
As previously reported [ 33] the effects of radiosurgery on the brain tumor microenvironment are still under investigation.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com