An alternative (but not mutually exclusive) possibility is that CPs are mainly driven by top-down feedback signals from parts of the brain involved in making decisions (Nienborg and Cumming, 2009, 2010).
Brain imagery reveals the parts of the brain involved in subjective experience, focused attention and perception (pp. 160 165).
We provide general guidelines for keyholders involved in feedback.
Here we have presented for the first time evidence that serotonin is involved in feedback processing.
In rats, early-life stress resulting in an attenuated stress response is inextricably linked to a higher expression of glucocorticoid receptors in brain regions involved in negative feedback, such as the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus and the hippocampus (Catalani et al., 2000; Cottrell and Seckl, 2009; Kapoor et al., 2008).
"Students are deeply involved in giving us their feedback about what works for them and what doesn't".
Hence, it remains unclear whether the clinical efficacy of fMRI-NF in depression is specific to feedback from brain regions involved in affective processing, or whether the general experience of self-regulation may be in itself therapeutic.
Specifically, we investigated whether adults with MDD demonstrated hyporesponsivity in striatal brain regions and/or hyperresponsivity in cortical brain regions involved in conflict monitoring using a Wheel of Fortune task designed to probe responses during reward selection, reward anticipation, and reward feedback.
Recent fMRI studies have investigated brain activity involved in the feeling of regret and disappointment by manipulating the feedback participants saw after making a decision to play certain gambles: full-feedback (regret: participant sees the outcomes from both the chosen and unchosen gamble) vs. partial-feedback (disappointment: participant only sees the outcome from chosen gamble).
The ability to discriminate between these two categories of stimuli is hypothesized to be dependent upon a feedback system of functionally connected brain regions involved in both the production and perception of speech [2].
