It has been reported that PARK2 is distributed throughout the brain, including the cerebral cortex, midbrain, cerebellum, and basal ganglia.
In goldfish, reverse transcriptase PCR detected abundant NUCB2 mRNA expression in the liver and pituitary in addition to various regions of the brain, including the olfactory bulbs, hypothalamus, telencephalon, midbrain and hindbrain (Figure 3A).
DA is synthesized by neurons in discrete nuclei within the brain, including the hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, and ventral midbrain [1].
In line with this, postmortem studies in patients with major depressive disorder found reduced expression of SERTs in several brain regions including the midbrain [9].
However, since Dkk1−/− mice showed a deletion of brain structures including the midbrain, we focused our analysis on Dkk1+/− embryos.
However, an age-related atrophy occurs in APP/PS1 mice, involving posterior brain regions, including the midbrain and the internal capsule, the corpus callosum and the fornix.
In all cases brain regions including the midbrain and pons were stained with antibodies to ubiquitin and p62 to assess the presence of intraneuronal inclusions [ 27].
At mid-embryonic stages (E9.5 E11.5), however, Plxdc2 expression is found in patterning centres of the brain, including the cortical hem, midbrain hindbrain boundary (MHB) and floorplate, indicating possible functions in earlier neurodevelopmental processes.
No consistent abnormalities were noted in the brain regions available for examination in this study including the midbrain, striatum, globus pallidus, cerebellum, and pons.
