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The resulting workers within each patriline shared, on average, 75% of their genome, which standardized the genetic background against which differences in brain gene expression patterns were assessed.
We examined brain gene expression patterns in individual workers for which we determined lifetime behavioral profiles for vibration signal and foraging activity.
Studies in vertebrates have demonstrated that there is a substantial amount of individual variation in reaction norms [2] and brain gene expression patterns [3] [5] associated with physiological or life history differences that are adaptive in different environmental contexts.
Our studies demonstrate that there is substantial variation in worker attraction to QMP among individuals, and that this variation is linked with specific differences in physiology and brain gene expression patterns.
We examined natural variation in individual worker retinue responses within and among colonies of A.m. carnica and A.m. ligustica, and we correlated this behavioral variation with global brain gene expression patterns and physiological traits.
In the brain, gene expression patterns suggest that local neurosteroid production and signaling likely contribute to the sex differences observed.
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A portion of the brain gene expression pattern correlates with the behaviorally-associated pattern observed.
We then used the GBM gene signatures (determined by comparing the GBM gene expression pattern to the normal brain gene expression pattern) from each data set to query the Cmap (with negative enrichment scores and P<0.05) as described in the Materials and Methods section.
In addition, the brain tissue data in this study is obtained from whole brain sample even though it is well known that different anatomical and functional regions of the brain have distinctive gene expression patterns and more refined analysis of region and function specific genes could be identified using similar approach as in this paper.
The study of malaria in humans is even more difficult to conduct, as analysis of brain tissue or gene expression patterns in various organs is only possible in terminal cases.
This method could also be used to create a reference brain from mapping gene expression patterns and can give detailed images that show neuroanatomical structures such as the fan shaped body and ellipsoid body.
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