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This suggests three million years of pretty persistent brain expansion.
Others cautioned that the explanation probably oversimplified the causes behind the brain expansion that marked the emergence of the Homo lineage out of the more apelike Australopithecus genus.
Encephalization, or brain expansion, underpins humans' sophisticated social cognition, including language, joint attention, shared goals, teaching, consensus decision-making and empathy.
But as Dr Oppenheimer shows (see chart 2), most of this brain expansion happened early in human evolutionary history, in Homo habilis and Homo erectus.
The new findings suggest that further brain expansion, as well as reorganization of the prefrontal cortex, could have occurred as an indirect result of the pelvic modifications that followed the transition to bipedalism.
One example is the significant hominin speciation and brain expansion event at ∼1.8 Ma that seems to have been coeval with the occurrence of highly variable, extensive, deep-water lakes.
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But human brains expanded much more dramatically than chimpanzee brains during the first few years of life; most of that human-brain expansion was driven by explosive growth in the connections between brain cells, which manifests itself in an expansion in white matter.
The inter-hemispheric independence hypothesis suggests that, during evolution, brain size expansion led to functional lateralisation in order to avoid excessive conduction delays between the hemispheres14.
Anticipation could be such a mechanism.The speed of the human brain's expansion is one of the most remarkable phenomena in evolutionary history.
That suggests the neurological changes which gave rise to humanity may have predated the brain's expansion—an event that had, hitherto, been regarded as crucial to the emergence of humans.The hands, feet and pelvis of sediba indicate that it both climbed trees and walked upright, though with a different gait from that of humans or chimpanzees.
Despite their novelty, complexity, and brain knowledge expansion, none of these challenging initiatives addresses the basic issue that a fairly complete neuroanatomical model of the whole human brain, which is required as the reference in brain studies and clinical applications, does not exist.
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