Recently, a number of studies have specifically focused on subjects who reveal unanticipated brain spatial dissemination of MRI lesions highly suggestive of multiple sclerosis (MS) in the absence of a clinical scenario [3], [4], [5], [6], a condition named as "radiologically isolated syndrome" (RIS) [5].
For example, neutrophils are essential for controlling bacterial burdens and the extent of brain abscess dissemination (Kielian et al., 2001), whereas microglia/macrophages are typically localized along the abscess margins (Flaris and Hickey, 1992; Kielian et al., 2008).
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is more sensitive than computed tomography (CT) scan in detecting brain meningeal dissemination, although the spine should also be assessed by MRI or CT myelography [ 6].
Centrally administered PTx abrogated migration of microglia in EAE mice, limiting the inflammatory cytokine milieu to the brain and prevented dissemination of demyelination.
Thus, the timing and pattern of plaque distribution after microinjection of tg44 mice with RML scrapie supported our previous hypothesis that spread of infectivity occurred via dissemination with brain interstitial fluid (ISF) in perivascular regions of gray and white matter and in interaxonal spaces of white matter tracts [ 31].
Several studies link L1 to motile processes involved in tumor cell extravasation and glioma dissemination in the brain [47].
Thus, RVG-9R-mediated siRNA delivery to macrophages/DC is sufficient to prevent the initial viral replication in these cells and thereby prevent viral dissemination to the brain.
The results revealed that, similar to what has been observed for the RF spirochete B. turicatae, for most aspects of clinical disease severity, peak bacteremia, and dissemination to the brain this was in deed the case.
The higher neuroinvasiveness of the 3 serotypes we examined from the middle branch of the Vsp dome dendrogram, Bh2, Bh3, and Bt1, relative to the three serotypes from the other two branches, Bh13, Bh27, and Bt2, suggests that there is something about the structure of the Vsp dome that may facilitate dissemination to the brain.
The intravenous route of infection and the choice of vegetative cells, as opposed to the commonly used challenge with spores, were chosen to model the late stage of the infectious process when systemic bacterial dissemination to the brain may lead to meningitis.
