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Disease-specific factors may also contribute to brain changes in type 2 diabetes.
A more precise understanding of brain changes in type 1 diabetes can help further our understanding of mechanisms of injury, thereby leading to possible changes in treatment practices designed to prevent such injury.
Further exploration to clarify age-related changes and the mechanisms underlying brain changes in type 1 diabetes in general are important though, as animal studies have indicated that adjunctive neuroprotective strategies may be possible using either systemic IGF-I (27) or glucocorticoid receptor antagonists such as mifepristone (28).
Finally, the lack of association between pre-diabetic states (e.g., IFG and impaired glucose tolerance) and measures of brain atrophy and the presence of cerebral infarcts observed in our study and other studies (5) is in contrast with a dose-response hypothesis of hyperglycemia and brain changes in type 2 diabetes.
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The morphological changes noted in headache disorders have been replicated in most of the studies investigating brain changes in different types of chronic pain.
To date, there have been no randomized trials of the effects of long-term glycemic control on cognitive function and structural brain changes in patients with type 2 diabetes.
This study was designed to determine AD-like brain changes in mice modeling for type 2 diabetes.
A few other studies have assessed primarily structural brain change in presymptomatic mutations carriers of other types of frontotemporal dementia.
Dementia probably confounds the relationship between brain changes and type 2 diabetes (11).
Disruption of the blood-brain barrier and microvascular changes in type 2 diabetes may contribute to neurodegeneration and vascular disease (8).
Neotenic axolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) were treated either acutely or chronically with dexamethasone (DEX) and changes in type II and type III iodothyronine deiodinase (D2 and D3) activities were studied in liver, kidney, and brain.
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