Then the pipette was slowly advanced into the brain tissue and the output of the neural amplifier both in an electrically quiet (light off) and an electrically noisy environment (light on) was measured.
In this case, the circuit that connects receptor-expressing neurons to brain centers appears to be a labeled line the activation of a single receptor and its downstream neurons is sufficient to trigger lordosis, and removing the V2Rp5 receptor abolishes both the ESP1-evoked neural activation in the brain and the behavioral output of ESP1 (Haga et al., 2010).
The amygdala, which is named after the Greek word for 'almond' owing to its shape, receives input from the sensory areas of the brain, and sends output to the hypothalamus, which controls the body's stress response, and other structures.
That, however, sits uncomfortably with the idea that mental decisions are purely the consequence of electrochemical interactions in the brain, since the output of such interactions might be expected to be an inevitable consequence of the input.
The central brain receives multisensory input like the mushroom bodies does and also coordinates locomotion and rhythmic movement, while the thoracic ganglion receives motor signals from the central brain and provides motor output to the wings, legs and abdomen while generating complex movement patterns [37], [38], [67].
With a full wiring diagram of the fly brain's neurons and all their synaptic connections, researchers could test their ideas about how information flowed in the brain, and even compute the output that should follow a given input.
By implication, physical activity may have countervailing effects in the brain and on energy output.
Moreover, since the neocortex is apparently responsible for more complex information processing than the rest of the brain, and because RANC outputs with more inputs convey more information than those with few inputs, RANCs with many inputs may be expected to be more abundant than RANCs with few inputs.
This kind of process occurs at many different levels of the processing hierarchy within the brain, with the outputs of lower levels feeding into, and being constrained by, higher levels, and encompassing many different processes, from perception to belief formation to learning.
Therefore, the developing brain, and its behavioural outputs, can be described as being sensitive to the long-term, 'organizational' effects of gonadal hormones during the peri-pubertal period (Schulz et al., 2009; Sisk and Zehr, 2005; Juraska et al., 2013).
