In a study using 125 I-labeled angiotensin II in rats, angiotensin II was detected in the mitochondria and nuclei of the heart, brain and smooth muscle cells [ 42, 43].
Double immunofluorescent staining of CD31+/ α-SMA+ cells allowed recognition of double-positive cells (both endothelial cells and smooth muscle cells in vessel walls) in the IMZ of surgical traumatic brain lesions with implantation of the CG.
CK, which is crucially involved in a plethora of bioenergetic processes, is particularly important and is expressed at high levels in cells with high energy requirements such as skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle, kidney, brain and neuronal cells, retina photoreceptor cells, spermatozoa and sensory hair cells of the inner ear (Wallimann et al. 1992, 2007).
In addition, compelling evidence has been found that traumatically induced or hypoxia-induced generation of oxygen radicals significantly contributes to secondary insult onto brain cells but also damaging endothelium and smooth muscle cells [ 13].
The endothelial cells, pericytes and smooth muscle cells were positive.
This high pulsatile flow is transmitted from the aorta to the brain causing damage to the endothelial and smooth muscle cells, disrupting the cerebral small vessels [ 6, 7].
Smooth muscle cells of muscularis and smooth muscle cells of blood vessels had strong nuclear staining.
Recombination also occurred in larger-diameter proprioceptive neurons of the dorsal root ganglion, and in vascular endothelial and smooth muscle cells, and ependyma throughout the brain and spinal cord.
The cells in the intima include α-smooth actin-positive myofibroblasts and smooth muscle cells.
Human brain vascular smooth muscle cells (HBVSMC) were obtained from ScienCell Research Laboratories (Carlsbad, CA, USA) and cultured in smooth muscle cell medium, which consists of 500 mL basal medium, 10 mL fetal bovine serum, 5 mL smooth muscle cell growth supplement, and 5 mL penicillin/streptomycin solution.
