We found similar brain activations for picture-active, picture-passive, and declarative sentences.
Group brain activations for the contrast of No-Go-oddball trials for each of the two drink conditions in both groups revealed activations in key inhibitory areas such as inferior frontal cortex, medial frontal gyri, supplementary motor area, striatal and thalamic regions at cluster threshold of P < 0.008 (Fig. 1A D and Supplementary Table 3).
From the general pattern of brain activities in two addition tasks for both groups, we found that the AP addition task that related brain activations for both groups were distributed bilaterally, while the EX addition that related brain activations were lateralized to the left hemisphere, especially for nontrained children.
The results of the motor localizer experiment revealed different brain activations for the hemispheres (see, for example, the activation of M1 during voluntary movements).
Turning to brain activations for the isochronous versus pseudorandomly timed streams, parietal cortex, and a wider corticostriatal network were preferentially activated during the isochronous case.
In order to determine brain activations for different addition tasks, paired t-tests were done separately on EX versus rest contrast and AP versus rest contrast in each group.
The main focus of this study was to demonstrate the excellence of integrating three DOT data/image process techniques to better define and identify the brain activations for fNIRS-based functional brain imaging.
This point of view was further supported by the positive correlation between brain activations for the contrast U L − T) extracted from the left inferior frontal gyrus and the reaction time for the same contrast.
A significant effect of ADT would manifest as differences in regional brain activations for the contrast "(follow-up minus baseline in controls) > (follow-up minus baseline among patients receiving ADT)".
To further strengthen the methodology and validity of our findings we performed a post hoc analysis where we investigated the effect size of brain activations for remembered, familiar and forgotten trials individually in a brain region that was important for subsequent memory in patients but not control subjects.
