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From the parametric studies, the tension and bow angle of the wire are found to play important roles in the response of the wire.
The Purcell factor mainly depends on the outer radius, the tooth angle, and the bow angle.
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The anteversion and bowing angle for Malay populations were also different.
Bowing angle: angle between the central line of the proximal femoral diaphysis and the central line of the distal femoral diaphysis view [ 8, 15, 22 ].
We measured various femoral parameters such as the femoral head offset, collodiaphyseal angle, bowing angle, anteversion, and medullary canal diameters from the osteotomy level to 150 mm below the osteotomy level to determine the position of the isthmus.
We also measured anatomic variation, including the femoral bowing angle, tibial bowing angle, and neck-shaft angle of the femur.
We also measured the femoral bowing angle, tibial bowing angle, and neck-shaft angle of the femur.
The femoral bowing angle was defined as the angle made by the mid-diaphyseal lines of the proximal and distal portions of the femur [ 4, 20].
In addition, the tibial bowing angle was defined as the angle made by the lines bisecting the proximal and distal portions of the tibia [ 19].
Other important parameters are the bowing angle and the anterior bowing, which is vital in prosthesis design [ 22].
Previous designs based on diagonal controllers consider the input output channels defined by pairing the bow hydroplane angle with the depth and the stern hydroplane angle with the pitch angle.
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