Although the estimates of,, and can be obtained using the proposed scheme or other ML-based schemes, such as the exhaustive search method, if the transition time of the received signal is close to the boundary of the sampling data block, then one of the frequency estimation errors would be large, because the samples used in the estimation of one frequency are small.
Transparent parts can be seen at the upper and lower sample boundaries, the edge of the sample column, and around the fractures with a width of ca. 200 μm.
The measured nonlinearity parameter can be affected by experimental conditions such as the sample size, the impact type and location of impact that is generated, wave reflection, and boundary condition of the sample.
During the process of fall, the thermal target will cross the boundaries of the sampling cells and PIR sensors will generate output correspondingly.
As the body passes the boundaries of the sampling cells, the PIR sensors will generate output with different characteristics corresponding to different human motions, e.g., falling, sitting down, standing up from a chair, walking, and jogging.
When the fall occurs, the human body will cross the boundaries of the sampling cells, and output of the PIR sensors array will reflect the spatio-temporal characteristic of the action.
The PIR sensors with Fresnel lens array are essentially sensitive to thermal change, especially at the boundaries of the sampling cells, which are preferable in terms of sensing efficiency in the sense of reducing the number of sensors involved without degrading the sensing performance.
Temperature (300 K-500 K) and frequency dependent dielectric properties and complex impedance analysis have been carried out to investigate the effect of grain and grain boundary of the synthesized sample.
To prevent biases related to the boundary effect of the sampling units, only the corals with centers lying within the sampling unit were enumerated (following the "center rules" scheme of Zvuloni et al. [39]).
