Let J be the outer boundary of system (2.1).
The three competencies are as follows: (1) the competency for determining the boundaries of systems (machine, thinking space, etc).
Similar remarks can be made when we turn to ontology, in particular formal ontology: the part/whole relation, boundaries of systems, ideas of space, etc. Ellerman (1988) has bravely attempted to show that category theory constitutes a theory of universals, one having properties radically different from set theory, which is also seen as a theory of universals.
The three competencies are as follows: (1) the competency for determining the boundaries of systems (machine, thinking space, etc.) internally or externally; (2) the competency for abstraction; and (3) the competency for going back and forth in time.
They presume an ability to identify and quantify the nature of interactions and to define the boundaries of systems clearly.
One can also conceive of similar, albeit more indirect, reciprocal influences between work systems and entities outside the boundary of the system as depicted in Figure 1.
Consequently, the entire system (if we draw the boundary of the system around the reactants and products which is, of course, a spatial and temporal boundary), has a non-zero rest-mass prior to the collision.
The two unmanned probes Voyager 1 and Voyager 2, launched in 1977 as part of the mission to study Jupiter and Saturn, have actually exited the Solar System, although precisely where the boundary of our system lies is unclear.
Eight metabolites are at the boundary of the system and therefore act as systemic parameters and are referred to as "external metabolites"; the remaining nine are free, and called "internal metabolites".
