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The analysis is based on the two-dimensional steady-state heat conduction equation and laminar boundary layer equation for the flowing fluid by using a finite difference scheme.
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The drag value and cavitation criterion are determined by solving a two-dimensional nonlinear fluid-structure interaction problem, based on a static vortex lattice method with viscous boundary layer equations, for the flow, and a nonlinear elasticity solver for the deformations of the elastic components of the foil.
Use of this expression in the thin thermal/concentration boundary layer equations for the conduit geometry yields where jd is the mass transfer factor and St∞m is the Stanton number both being based on the average approach velocity, Ū. Lf is the flow path length.
The homogeneous model will be introduced to the boundary layer equations for modeling the nanofluid.
The governing boundary layer equations for momentum, thermal energy and concentration are reduced using a similarity transformation to a set of coupled ordinary differential equations.
Using a similarity transformation, the governing time-dependent boundary layer equations for the momentum, heat and mass transfer were reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations.
The similarity solution of the boundary layer equations for a nonlinearly stretching sheet has been found by Akyildiz et al. [19].
Similarity transformations are used to transform the governing nonlinear boundary layer equations for momentum, thermal energy and concentration to a system of nonlinear ordinary coupled differential equations with fitting boundary conditions.
This observation is consistent with the observation of Burde [14], where it is noted that certain solutions of the boundary layer equations for axially symmetric pipe flow are also exact solutions of the full axially symmetric Navier-Stokes equations.
Owing to the importance of the fluid flow over a stretching surface because of its practical applications such as hot rolling, fiber plating, and lubrication processes, Crane [1] was the first researcher to investigate an analytical solution to the problem of Newtonian boundary layer equations for the flow due to a stretching surface.
The steady boundary layer equations for a nanofluid in non-dimensional form can be written as ∂ u ∂ x + ∂ v ∂ y = 0 Open image in new window (1) u ∂ u ∂ x + v ∂ u ∂ y = u e ∂ u e ∂ x + μ nf ρ nf ∂ 2 u ∂ y 2 Open image in new window (2) u ∂ T ∂ x + v ∂ T ∂ y = 1 Pr k nf / k f ρ C p nf / ρ C p f ∂ 2 T ∂ y 2 − 1 ρ C p n f ∂ q r ∂ y Open image in new window (3).
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