It has been found that as Pr increases, the temperature in the boundary layer decreases, and the thermal boundary layer thickness also decreases.
As the velocity increases, the boundary layer decreases, and cells will be subjected to increasingly greater turbulence and mixing.
The wall temperature and thickness of thermal boundary layer decrease with increasing δ and M for (varepsilon<1), and the reverse trend is observed for the case of (varepsilon>1).
Our results show that with increasing electrolyte flow both the total potential drop over the membrane and the width of the diffusion boundary layer decrease.
With increase in flow velocity, the hydrodynamic boundary layer decreases, resulting in mixing and turbulence closer to the biofilm surface.
As the velocity increases and the boundary layer decreases in thickness, the effect of the shear stresses (or of what is sometimes called skin friction in this context) becomes less and less important compared with the effect of the pressure difference.
The increase in sorption with temperature may be attributed to either increase in the number of active surface sites available for sorption on the adsorbent or to the decrease in the boundary layer thickness surrounding the sorbent, so that the mass transfer resistance of adsorbate in the boundary layer decreased (Meena et al. 2005; Gupta and Rastogi 2009).
The absorption boundary layer decreased with the increase of pressure gradient, and changed significantly especially in low pressure gradient, which was the essence of bringing nonlinear percolation.
It is observed that the thickness of the velocity boundary layer decreases with increasing values of m, S, δ, and M for both cases, which implies an increasing magnitude of the velocity gradient at the surface.
When ε > 1, the flow has an inverted boundary layer structure and the thickness of the boundary layer decreases with ε.
