If this condition is not satisfied, the grain boundary will activate an alternative mechanism to relieve the strain accumulated from accommodation of lattice dislocations and the stress concentration associated with the formation of a dislocation pile-up.
Minimization was turned off; nonbonded interactions beyond 10 Å were neglected, and periodic boundaries were activated.
Upon arrest by a grain boundary, the twin may either produce continuous plastic strain across the grain boundary by activating compatible twinning/slip systems or result in intergranular failure in the absence of compatible twinning/slip systems in the neighboring grain.
Reversible twin-boundary motion activated in the frequency range up to 600 Hz is directly observed.
Since the wind tunnel testing is a cold process using an "engine-off" condition, there was no need to perform the simulations with thermal boundary conditions activated for engines, exhaust, heat exchangers, etc.
The motion of the grain boundaries is thermally activated so that we could derive the activation parameters for the motion from the in situ data of the mobility at different temperatures.
I find that two role orientations – gold-star and north-star orientation – activate the boundary-crossing process.
Relatively low moisture concentrations in the bulk gas are sufficient to activate this boundary layer chemistry; with [H2O] larger than ∼3% no substantial changes are observed in the CO conversion.
It was observed that the motion of planar 〈1 0〉-tiltlt boundaries could be activated by an applied shear stress which acts perpendicular to the grain boundary plane.
(A ) Coloured lines delineate the boundaries of clusters activated during execution of movements using the feet (green), arms (blue), hands (white), and lips (pink) in controls, projected on inflated hemispheres.
Although some cells (those at the A/P boundary first) activate Cas3 and undergo apoptosis, other silenced cells undergo robust proliferation.
