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The photo-resistor sensors are tested in daylight, and set bound values are obtained from the results of these tests.
In the present work, the formula to calculate lower bound values is taken from Santos et al. (1995) and it is given in the Eq. 12.
The number of bits for this integer part must allow the representation of all the values taken by the data and is obtained from the data bound values.
The analysis results in significantly lower upper bound values than those presented earlier (for Tresca material), and much closer to the stability curves of Kimura and Mair (1981), commonly used in design.
Parameters of the models included the bounds for the response (mX and MX), and assumptions made about them determined the bound values calculated for the mixture (m and M).
We specified prior upper bound values for the number of clusters (i.e., 3 8) and performed 10 independent runs for each value.
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The document also provides methods to estimate upper-bound values of the through thickness residual stress distribution for a range of common weld joint configurations.
These values are upper-bound values that can be used when the soil is homogeneous, as in the case of our first experiment (dry or wet sand).
Modelling studies showed that the measured moduli of the different silica-nanoparticle filled epoxy polymers lay between upper-bound values set by the Halpin Tsai and the Nielsen 'no-slip' models, and lower-bound values set by the Nielsen 'slip' model; with the last model being the more accurate at relatively high values of vf.
On the basis of these observations, we estimate an ISC timescale of ∼1.4 ns (PC60BM) and ∼0.7 ns (PC70BM) as the lower-bound values for both solutions and films.
When vaccine effectiveness was set equal to lower-bound values, and assuming 100% compliance with vaccination, the reduction in RVGE-related encounters with the Accelerated Schedules was lower by 6 10% (i.e., percentage points).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com