Binding of LPS to CFTR reduces the conductance of CFTR, however, the consequences host signaling is unclear [ 49]. C. muridarum bound to host cells specifically recruits FGFR as well as platelet derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), but not EGFR [ 50, 52].
S1 recognizes and binds to host cell receptors, leading to the conformational changes of S2 that mediate viral fusion between the viral envelope and the host cell membrane.
Both HA and NA bind to host cell receptors containing sialic acid residues: HA to initiate viral entry into the host cell, and NA to permit the release of viral progeny from infected cells.
Recently, Kale and colleagues [ 11] have shown that fungal effectors contain functional variants of RXLR motifs, and that the oomycete and fungal RXLR and dEER motifs bind to host cell surface phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate.
Studies of individual Incs have shown that these peptides protrude from the surface of the inclusion and may mimic or bind to host cell proteins that selectively manicure the surface of the inclusion to avoid fusion with phagosomes or the host cell exocytic pathway [ 38, 52, 53].
EBV can infect monocytes, B lymphocytes and epithelial cells mainly through EBV proteins gp350/220 and gp42/gH/gp25 (gp42/gH/gL) complex which binds to host cell proteins CD21 (CR2), MHC class II and the integrins αvβ6 and αvβ8 (Chesnokova et al. 2009; Li 1997; Nemerow et al. 1989; Spriggs et al. 1996; Tanner 1987; Wang et al. 1998).
However, ACT binds to host cells through the integrin CD11b/CD18 receptor, which does not associate with lipid rafts before cell activation has taken place [28].
There are two cell-binding regions identified in this protein; peptides (11435 and 11438) from these regions specifically bind to host cells and inhibit EBV invasion of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) (Urquiza et al. 2004).
CSFV E2 (65% sequence identity) binds to host cells, inhibiting infection by both CSFV and BVDV, implying a common cell receptor for pestiviruses attaching through E2 (Hulst and Moormann, 1997).
CDT belongs to the family of binary ADP-ribosylating toxins consisting of two separate toxin components: CDTa, the enzymatic ADP-ribosyltransferase which modifies actin, and CDTb which binds to host cells and translocates CDTa into the cytosol.
