This lack of response may be attributed, at least in part, to the presence of nonfunctional hERα as determined by the inability of hERα to bind hormone, to recognize and bind to specific DNA-responsive elements and/or its inability to recruit other transcriptional activation factors [ 6, 11, 12].
Subsequent electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs) revealed that NEIL1 bound all oligonucleotide substrates, with the possible exception of ssOHC (Fig. 4C); the low complex formation seen with ssOHC likely stems from the inability of NEIL1 to bind the efficiently produced incision product.
The inability of PB11 25A to efficiently bind to FluB-PA and vice versa strongly indicates that these PA-binding domains show limited functional compatibility between the two virus types.
Thus, when oxygen levels are reduced, or any of the PHD co-factors are unavailable, there is an increase of HIF-α subunit levels resulting from the inability of VHL to efficiently bind to HIF-α.
To ascertain that the inability of BH2 to replace tightly bound BH4 was not due to its inability to create a tight-binding site, we repeated the experiments of Figure 3B with 4-amino-BH4 instead of BH2.
The inability of a primer template that is bound to the polymerase active site to inhibit exonuclease activity indicates that the two activities have independent binding domains.
Also, in accord with our observations, CDK9 S175A mutant was found to greatly induce Tat-dependent latent HIV-1 reactivation, which Jonathan Karn and his coworkers attributed to the inability of this mutant to bind BRD4 while being able to bind to Tat [ 53].
Matching of Asp and Asn residues in the alignments (Fig. 1, Additional file 1: Figure S4) is justified by the comparable potency of carboxyl and caroxamide groups to bind Na+ and K+ ions in proteins [ 13, 58], in a sharp contrast with the inability of carboxamide groups to bind protons.
The inability of SP-A to bind encapsulated strains of C. neoformans is surprising given that SP-A binds a diverse assortment of carbohydrates and that the C. neoformans capsule and cell wall possess abundant and varied carbohydrates.
In summary, we have shown that curaxins alter DNA topology leading to the inability of CTCF to bind efficiently to its cognate DNA sites.
