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The correct astronomical term is perigee-syzygy – perigee meaning the closest the Earth comes to the moon in its orbit and syzygy when three bodies are in a line in a gravitationally bound system – in this case the sun, moon and Earth, in that order.
Upper bound system we revise the virtual system as follows: the release of channels occurs at the beginning of a slot and thus these channels are available to all packets in this slot.
Lower bound system we confine the virtual system as follows: the available channel set of every packet will keep the same as that in the beginning of a slot.
Since the term 'galaxy' refers to an association of stars in a gravitationally bound system, a minihalo hosting a binary stellar system may already be considered a first galaxy.
Here, Q 1, Q 2, and Q 12 are the partition functions of the (unbound) strand 1 RNA, of the (unbound) strand 2 RNA and of the kissing (bound) system, respectively.
However, when used in a tightly bound system such as solids, the method may suffer from deriving a lower system temperature and potentially inducing early breaking of atomic bonds at relatively high temperature due to the neglect of the effect of the potential energy of atoms based on solid state physics.
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It is also noticed that the conformation of switch 1 element is severely changed in the GTP-bound system comparing with the GDP and GDP+Pi bound systems (see Figure 6B).
The small loosely bound systems require very accurate calculations.
Then, we analyze the data channels and propose two tractable Markov models [37] which can be served as the upper and lower bound systems.
For weakly bound systems it is difficult to identify structures in a fluid that reliably reflect the average structure of the fluctuating system for use in direct optimization methods.
For negative energies −– i.e., for bound systems −– the higher symmetry group is SO(4), which preserves the length of four-dimensional vectors : \left| \mathbf{e} \right|^{2} = e_{1}^{2} + e_{2}^{2} + e_{3}^{2} + e_{4}^{2}.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com