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The upper bound risk nature of its derivation and proper application by experts can promote the protection of public health.
Even though there was no evidence of a significant association in the Davenport analysis, the upper bound risk estimate from the intervention trial (based on the 95% CI) was higher than the drinking water standards provided by the U.S. EPA.
Note that the term upper bound risk is used here to refer to calculations, scientific assumptions, and estimates that tend to overestimate the risks to public health through assumptions of greater toxicity and higher estimates of consumer exposure.
Given that the TTC values, excluded categories, and exposure estimates used in TTC decision frameworks incorporate protective or upper bound risk assumptions, exceeding a threshold value does not necessarily imply a risk to health.
Similar(56)
But the tactically clever and deeply cynical maneuvers of propaganda and military improvisation that have taken him this far, one of his former advisers told me in Moscow earlier this month, are bound to risk unanticipated disasters.
So, for all the likely shortcomings of the next poll, including a possible disgraceful further delay for several months, he felt bound to risk running once more.
Italy opted out of her alliance, the tsar was not bound to risk his dynasty on behalf of Serbia, or the kaiser his on behalf of Austria-Hungary, while the French and British cabinets might never have persuaded their parliaments to take up arms had the Schlieffen Plan not forced the issue.
As also unpredicted effects must be explored the submission of data is not bound to risk hypotheses.
For example, the 95% upper confidence bound of risk ratios indicates that there might be a 34% increase in cancer incidence rates among the subjects with two exposed parents relative to the reference subjects.
This integration yields the optimal public health response within the context of both defining and minimizing risk model uncertainty, with LNT providing the upper bound and hormesis the lower bound of risks.
Further, one cannot use a lower bound without risking inflation of the conditional error rate, and thus one may not rely on the Müller-Schäfer principle of conditional error functions [ 7] (new does not exceed the original) to prove preservation of unconditional error rate.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com