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In other words, take the difference between the optimal bound parameters and the subject's actual bound parameters (call this delta_b) and multiply them by the inverse of the Hessian.
Thus, it featured 7 bound parameters for the 3-coherence experiments, and 13 bound parameters for the 6-coherence experiments.
To illustrate how the reward rate changed with bound height, we assumed that all (7 or 13) bound parameters varied along a straight line drawn from the origin to the reward rate-maximizing parameter settings.
It uses only some robot bound parameters and measurable joint variables.
In both cases, the subjects' bound parameters were well below those found to maximize the reward rate.
To project the maximum-likelihood bound parameters from the subject fits onto this line (dots in Figure 4A,B), we followed the iso-reward rate contour from these parameters until they intersected with the line.
To implement the continuous variation between the upper and lower bounds for Area and Diet parameters, we used the runif function in R. Runif samples randomly from a uniform distribution between the upper and lower bound parameters.
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Before computing the distance between estimated and reward rate-maximizing bounds, we projected bound parameter vectors into the eigenspace of this Hessian, corresponding to the orientations of decreasing curvature strength.
The error bound parameter is usually set as (bar {gamma } = sqrt {5 sigma _{n}^{2}}=0.2236), unless otherwise stated.
For the activation bound parameter value that was used in the simulation, one of the two accumulators reaches a bound on approximately 70% of the trials on average, although the fraction increases with the absolute value of the stimulus coherence C and when the direction of motion is congruent with reward bias.
Binding parameters determined from this experiment showed that binding was of high affinity (Kd = 6.5±1.6 nM) with an Rt value of 2.1±0.4 pmol per mg of BBMV (Table 2).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com