There is then an upper bound on the flow of reactants imposed by the mechanical phenomenon of "pinning", in which the drag force exerted on the particles by the reaction mixture induces frictional forces between the particles and the downstream wall which are sufficient to prevent motion of the bed.
The scientists pursuing that method also found their guesswork limited by "the effect of the unknown unknowns" which "made it more difficult to produce a reliable upper bound on the flow rate".
With the help of and, we can obtain the lower bound of the per-flow throughput as (A5).
Overall, however, even including the amount of oil evaporated, skimmed or burned, the team's lower bound for the flow amounted to less than double the amount visible on the surface.
Our results do still give a lower bound of the structural effects of the patient flow.
where (S_{ij}^{gas}), (underline{S}_{ij}^{gas}), (overline{S}_{ij}^{gas}) are gas flow capacity, the lower bound of gas flow capacity and the upper bound of gas flow capacity, respectively.
Figure 2 shows the simulated river outflow at the edge of the basin at points W6 and T6, and the upper and lower bound of measured flow (flow ±8%).
To test for the effect of the error bound, the same simulations were performed with an error bound of 10−8 for the flow and coupling iteration (see Section 2.6); stopping criterion tolerance was reduced by a factor of 1.000.
where D max is the delay bound of flow i's packets.
The probability of delay bound violation of the flows exhibiting lower channel quality and higher average rate is very high which results in an unfair system.
Tight sandstone gas is mainly found in densified reservoirs with micro-nano pores and throats, having generally limited or no natural productivity that is typically less than the lower bound of industrial gas flows.
