A natural, bottom-up governance by peoples who govern themselves for their own well-being is replaced by the artificial top-down governing by unelected, unaccountable and self-serving bureaucrats.
Together with computational work by Agre and Chapman (1987) and Suchman (1987), Brooks's approach suggested a view of computational intelligence in which control was governed bottom-up by behavior and interaction with the world, rather than by plentiful and often complicated internal algorithms and representations.
In particular, researchers have been interested in how top-down cognitive control processes govern bottom-up processes such as defensive reactivity (Moser et al., 2015).
Moreover, we identified bottom-up and top-down forces governing the interactions between granivores (birds, ants, and small mammals) and seed availability/production at the community scale.
One of the main technical concerns is the formation of blisters under the membrane caused by a complex mechanism governed by bottom-up pressure and loss of adhesion.
Urban regeneration strategy of Chinese cities requires some fundamental transformations of the governing institutions and systems to remove the barriers against bottom-up initiatives in order to expedite the pace of redevelopment.
Does urban low carbon transition require top-down governing or rather situative governance, empowering bottom-up civil society initiatives?
Agent-based models follow a bottom-up simulation strategy, defining simple rules that govern the behavior of individual agents (the cells, in our case) without a global view of the whole system.
Five years later, the school has a Social Venture Fund and courses on impact investment, the result of bottom-up student lobbying and top-down strategic decisions by the schools' governing bodies.
We propose a novel bottom-up approach for the fabrication of various desired nanostructures, based on self-assembly of oligonucleotides governed by Watson Crick base pairing.
