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The proposed integrated design mitigated the barrier effect and optimised the bottom slab.
The longitudinal axial force resulting from global bending causes deviation forces in the curved bottom slab, which are responsible for transverse bending in the bottom slab and axial forces in the webs.
In the second case the stiffeners are assumed to be anchored to the bottom slab of the tank, which represents the situation of a newly designed tank.
Completion of the foundation for the marine towers required underwater casting of concrete to connect the bottom slab of marine caissons to their supporting piles.
This paper proposes an innovative groundwater by-pass design to mitigate the barrier effect and to alleviate the groundwater pressure on the bottom slab.
The deck system is composed of FRP composite ribbed panels, spanning between girders and acting as both permanent formwork and bottom slab reinforcement.
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There were several tendons breakout on bottom slabs happening during construction stage of continuous pre-stressed concrete bridges in recent years in China.
Moreover, box girders' decks and bottom slabs have large areas with relatively high acoustic radiation efficiency.
b Axial cross section, showing both the proppants (circular beads) and the Berea wall rocks (top and bottom slabs).
High-order natural vibrations are mainly caused by local vibrations in box girders' decks and bottom slabs, for which stiffness plays a more important role than dead weight.
Since the foundation system is extremely rigid (k1 → ∞), the value of f1 tends to zero; similarly, the value of f2 is rather small, the bottom slabs being very squat structural elements.
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