Used and loved by millions
Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com
bottom of a specimen
Grammar usage guide and real-world examplesUSAGE SUMMARY
The phrase "bottom of a specimen" is correct and usable in written English.
It can be used in contexts related to scientific or technical descriptions, particularly when discussing the physical characteristics or positioning of a specimen. Example: "The researcher noted the unique markings found at the bottom of a specimen under the microscope."
✓ Grammatically correct
Science
News & Media
Encyclopedias
Alternative expressions(18)
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Human-verified examples from authoritative sources
Exact Expressions
1 human-written examples
The technique requires a total of three wire potentiometers: two potentiometers installed on the top and bottom of a specimen in the lateral direction, and one potentiometer installed vertically at the bottom of the specimen.
Human-verified similar examples from authoritative sources
Similar Expressions
59 human-written examples
The CMOD displacement is measured with a clip gauge transducer whereas a LVDT linear displacement transducer, fixed to the bottom of the specimen by means of a reference frame, is used to measure the vertical displacement at the midpoint (Fig. 9).
Three measurement positions (A, B, and C) were made, each with five indentations (from P1 to P5) from the top to the bottom of the specimen section, giving a total of fifteen measurements for each specimen.
Science
This may be the depth of the top, middle, or bottom of the specimen depending on a particular researcher's preference, but this is rarely reported, and this information is therefore not accommodated in the database.
Science
Based on the transverse distribution characteristics of tensile strain at the bottom of SCB specimens, a 5 cm cracking zone in the center of specimens is determined and the average tensile strain is captured by DIC systems.
Science
Thus the standard deviation is estimated over three regions, namely, first globally over the entire field of analysis, second over a central zone (where edge effects are avoided), and third on a zone located at the bottom of the specimen where necking is seen to occur first.
We traced around the lining and then dissected it to the bottom of the specimen together with the thin membrane, using a laser microbeam through the objective lens (Fig. 1b,e).
The modified base plate was made such that the HCT is at the bottom of the specimen to reduce evaporation effect on the HCT and also to ensure a good contact condition between the HCT and the soil specimen.
The remaining part of the applied load fans out towards the bottom of the specimen.
Damage was introduced by making notches with different sizes at the bottom of the specimen.
Science
Distance from the neutral axis to the bottom of the specimen.
Expert writing Tips
Best practice
When describing scientific findings, ensure that you clearly specify the location of observations, using "bottom of a specimen" to precisely indicate the lower part of the sample being analyzed. This ensures clarity and avoids ambiguity.
Common error
Avoid using vague terms like "lower area" or "base" without specifying that you're referring to the "bottom of a specimen". The term adds precision, especially when describing experiments or observations.
Source & Trust
81%
Authority and reliability
4.3/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested
Linguistic Context
The phrase "bottom of a specimen" functions as a noun phrase, specifically identifying a location on a sample. It acts as a prepositional phrase complement, clarifying the position of something in relation to the specimen. Ludwig's examples show it being used to specify where measurements or observations are taken.
Frequent in
Science
75%
News & Media
8%
Encyclopedias
3%
Less common in
Formal & Business
0%
Wiki
0%
Reference
0%
Ludwig's WRAP-UP
In summary, the phrase "bottom of a specimen" is a grammatically sound and precise term used to denote the lower part of a sample, predominantly in scientific and technical contexts. Its function is to provide clear spatial referencing. As confirmed by Ludwig AI, the phrase is correct and usable in written English, although alternatives like "base of the sample" or "underside of the specimen" may be used depending on the context. While its occurrence is uncommon, focusing on clarity over generalization will greatly improve the quality of scientific writing.
More alternative expressions(10)
Phrases that express similar concepts, ordered by semantic similarity:
base of the sample
Replaces 'bottom' with 'base' and 'specimen' with 'sample', altering the specific word choice but maintaining the core meaning.
underside of the subject
Uses 'underside' instead of 'bottom' and 'subject' instead of 'specimen', providing a more descriptive alternative.
lower part of the sample
Replaces 'bottom' with 'lower part', which is a more descriptive term. 'Specimen' is swapped for 'sample'.
lowest section of the item
Replaces 'bottom' with 'lowest section' to emphasize the position and 'specimen' with 'item' to broaden applicability.
inferior portion of the object
Employs 'inferior portion' instead of 'bottom' and 'object' instead of 'specimen', creating a more formal tone.
lower extremity of the material
Substitutes 'bottom' with 'lower extremity' for added precision and 'specimen' with 'material' for broader applicability.
base of the object under study
Expands on the original phrase by specifying that the object is under study, while replacing 'bottom' with 'base' and 'specimen' with 'object'.
the bottom surface of the piece
Focuses on the surface aspect using 'bottom surface', and employs 'piece' instead of 'specimen'.
under surface of the test subject
Replaces 'bottom' with 'under surface' and 'specimen' with 'test subject', adding a descriptive attribute.
the basal segment of the sample
Uses 'basal segment' instead of 'bottom' to provide a more technical description. 'Specimen' is replaced by 'sample'.
FAQs
How can I accurately describe the lowest part of a sample in scientific writing?
Using the phrase "bottom of a specimen" provides clarity and precision when referring to the lower portion of a sample under study. It avoids ambiguity compared to more general terms.
What are some alternatives to saying "bottom of a specimen"?
Depending on the context, you could use phrases like "base of the sample", "underside of the subject", or "lower part of the sample". Choose the one that best fits the tone and technical level of your writing.
In what contexts is "bottom of a specimen" most commonly used?
This phrase is frequently found in scientific and technical writing, particularly in fields like materials science, biology, and engineering, where precise descriptions of samples are crucial. Ludwig's examples highlight its usage in scientific publications.
Is it grammatically correct to say "bottom of a specimen"?
Yes, "bottom of a specimen" is grammatically correct and widely accepted in formal and scientific English. As Ludwig AI confirms, it follows standard English grammar rules.
Editing plus AI, all in one place.
Stop switching between tools. Your AI writing partner for everything—polishing proposals, crafting emails, finding the right tone.
Table of contents
Usage summary
Human-verified examples
Expert writing tips
Linguistic context
Ludwig's wrap-up
Alternative expressions
FAQs
Source & Trust
81%
Authority and reliability
4.3/5
Expert rating
Real-world application tested