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A white bottom layer provides a reflective background that acts as a blank canvas.
The CdTe NT bottom layer provides a flat contact with the above photoactive layer.
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The bottom layer provides significant patterns that are associated with interactions for a given type of the ligand and a given type of bond/force, which are discussed in detail in the following sections.
The bottom Cr2O3 layer provides a structural template for improving the crystallinity of VO2 and increasing the luminous transmittance of the structure.
Resuspension of the bottom layer provided the initial MNP solution.
The underlying non-wetting barrier layer provides a conductive path for electrodeposition from contacts on the perimeter of the work piece to the trench bottom.
Usually, concrete is used at the bottom of the two layers, providing a strong foundation to support heavy traffic with the asphalt on top providing a smooth riding surface.
Self-assembling protein layers provide a "bottom-up" approach for precisely organizing functional elements at the nanoscale over a large solid surface area.
The two middle layers connect the top and bottom layers and provide a platform for expansion of the control system.
The bottom three layers provide for the timely and correct transfer of data, and the top four ensure that arriving data are recognizable and useful.
In this composite, the graphene album structure is stacked by graphene layer by layer through a bottom-up assembly, which provides a hierarchical porous structure, easy mass transport and excellent conductivity for the cathode host of Li-S batteries.
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