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Bottom: concrete quality assessment of the surveyed sections of a bridge deck in Figure 18 (Bottom).
For producing the sufficient anchorage of bundled diagonal bars, they were sufficiently extended to the top and bottom concrete stubs.
The deck is also reinforced with 6 #25 (Area = 510 mm2 per bar, total area = 3060 mm2) diameter GFRP bars with a bottom concrete cover of 25 mm.
The effective bottom concrete cover was 50 mm (clear cover over stirrups = 32 mm) and the side concrete cover to stirrups was 40 mm.
The other three sandwich panels had top and bottom concrete wythes with various thicknesses and a 76 mm (3″) insulation layer in the middle.
Three electrical strain gages (S1, S2, and S3) were installed on top layer steel bars and two on the bottom concrete surface; strain gages (C1 and C2) as shown in Fig. 3.
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This kind of structure consists of a top concrete slab, corrugated steel webs and two bottom concrete-filled steel tubes connected by trusses.
However, after 90 days of curing age, compressive strength of bottom ash concrete surpassed that of conventional concrete.
Performance of bottom ash concrete under sulphate attack was almost identical to that by control concrete.
The test results indicate that bottom ash concrete exhibit better dimensional stability, slightly better resistance to sulphuric acid attack as compared to conventional concrete.
At the bottom is concrete.
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