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By determining genetic distances, homozygosity, and patterns of linkage disequilibrium, we demonstrate that population substructure, and even individual ancestry, is detectable at a very high resolution and supports the concept of multiple historical bottlenecks resulting from consecutive founder effects.
Despite traffic bottlenecks resulting from labor disputes and rail company mergers, in 1997 intermodal rail systems carried a record 5.2 million containers across the U.S., up from 2.3 million in 1988, many of which landed on ships bound for international ports.
Eurasian populations may have undergone population shrinkage during the early stages of the putative simultaneous domestication of apple and its fungal pathogen along the Silk Roads [83], while the genetic structure of populations from newfound lands may bear the signature of more recent bottlenecks resulting from founder events.
Severe population bottlenecks resulting from serial dilution are also commonly encountered in evolution experiments with bacteria and yeast (Wahl et al. 2002).
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The cost of whole genome sequencing technologies is dropping precipitously, and the most immediate bottlenecks result from a lack of tools critical for Internet-based data analysis.
It would be the natural way to go, thus alleviating the bottleneck resulting from people trying to go in two directions through the narrow aisles.
Five minutes later, all notions of tropical paradise vanished as I was confronted by a mash-up of flyovers, tunnels, deafening traffic and pollution – a natural bottleneck resulting from the granite morros that shoot into the sky all over Rio.
Because of the vigorous colour breeding for chestnut in the early 20th century, combined with a genetic bottleneck resulting from the low number of Finnhorses that existed in the 1980s, colours such as grey and cream dilutions were preserved only by a few minor breeders.
Diversity was further reduced in hexaploid wheat as a consequence of the polyploidy bottleneck resulting from hexaploid wheat speciation [ 18, 19].
For example, fixation within a line of adaptive mutations that have pleiotropic deleterious effects, or mildly deleterious mutations (as aided by the extensive selfing and the bottlenecking resulting from the C. elegans life-history) would allow the subsequent selection for compensatory mutations.
The striking life history shift and presumed subsequent bottleneck effects resulting from the host switch would be expected to influence the level of sequence divergence observed in the K. rodwayi branch.
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