Sentence examples for bottlenecks in which from inspiring English sources
As a result of passing through repeated population bottlenecks, in which only a handful of individuals survived to spawn subsequent generations, today's 100,000 musk oxen are thought to be notably homogenous, lacking in the sort of genetic diversity once thought critical to a species' long-term prospects.
Our generic formulation contains a sequence of bottlenecks in which bottleneck sizes, population sizes, bottleneck lengths, and the times for the population founding events are allowed to vary.
We assume that successfully establishing mutations reach their establishment frequency fast compared to the timescale Δ T between bottlenecks, in which case establishment can be effectively modeled by a Poisson process.
Low effective population sizes and the occurrence of frequent bottlenecks in which bacteria are acquired by the offspring of their insect hosts every generation are prominent factors (Moran and Baumann 2000; Wernergreen 2002; Moran et al. 2008).
One possible explanation is that ancestral H. sapiens quite recently passed through a "bottleneck" in which the entire human population was reduced to a few hundred or perhaps a couple of thousand individuals, perhaps approximately 150 kya; however, this explanation is not universally accepted.
The IT bottleneck in which every change, every idea, every thought must be captured in some formal requirements document or change request is replaced with a world in which users take direct action to meet their own needs.
Heterosexual HIV-1 transmission is characterized by a severe genetic bottleneck, in which infection is typically established by a single genetic variant selected from the large and diverse quasispecies typically present in the donor (1 7).
"How can something be global but have so little variation?" One possible explanation is that the giant squid went through a genetic "bottleneck," in which the population was decimated.
The mitochondrial genetic bottleneck theory states that, prior to oogenesis, the population of maternal mtDNA molecules in primordial germ cells decreases in size, causing a genetic bottleneck in which random drift segregates different mtDNAs (Samuels et al. 2010).
One explanation could be that the two populations have had different patterns of gene flow subsequent to the proposed genetic bottleneck, in which Manhole Sacramento has been isolated and the Zoo has been receiving gene flow.
Under a feasible demand, double-cell ramp systems exhibit two typical cases, including an upstream-bottleneck system (in which the bottleneck cell is upstream) and a downstream-bottleneck system (in which the bottleneck cell is downstream).
