If so, then the genetic diversity of the most northerly marginal forests was reduced by bottleneck effects.
Interestingly, during domestication, the Chinese indigenous dog population experienced a mild bottleneck and the effective population size was reduced to 16% of the ancestral population size.
The diversity of emmer was reduced by the domestication bottleneck but, curiously, no further diversity loss took place in the A and B genomes during the polyploidy bottleneck accompanying the evolution of T. aestivum from domesticated tetraploid wheat [ 16].
This bottleneck can be reduced by increasing their number, which would be maximized by internalization.
After a population bottleneck, allelic richness is reduced at a higher rate than is heterozygosity and this results in an apparent excess in heterozygosity over that expected given the observed allelic richness and assuming a stable population at mutation-drift equilibrium [21].
During the bottleneck the effective population size is reduced to 0.029 of that before and after the bottleneck.
But the DNA tests also provided evidence of evolutionary bottlenecks when polar bears were reduced to very low numbers, very likely in those same hot spells.
If the SKM population produced many generations after the bottleneck event, the heterozygosity level would be reduced.
On the other hand, genetic diversity in neutral and unselected genes is expected to be reduced only by bottleneck effects, thereby retaining more diversity than selected genes (Fig. 1).
Under a bottleneck model, the ancestral population, N0, is reduced to size N b at time T for d generations, at which point it recovers to size N0, where N b = fN0.
Interpack contact rates are reduced by low pack connectivity within geographic bottlenecks, reducing the probability of disease transmission.
