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Both translator and psychiatrist were not familiar with the scale.
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Therefore, in translation, both translators choose to explicitate some implicit elements in the ST, with more relevant tokens in cohesive chains, to adjust to the target text audience and culture.
After two forward translations (T1 and T2) were completed, both translators met to review each translation.
In the second stage, a team comprised of the project authors and both translators compared and synthesised the translations.
Both translators rated the difficulty of translating each item, made comments if necessary and suggested alternatives for difficult words or phrases.
Both translators rated the difficulty of translating each item and the associated response choices using 0 (not at all difficult) to 100 (most difficult).
Any discrepancies in the translation process were discussed with both translators and two further team members of the research project who are experienced in translation processes of instruments and the field of research.
To produce a conceptual equivalence of the translation to the original English questionnaire, both translators discussed any disparities and agreed on a single version.
Both translators will discuss the differences between their translations to resolve any differences until they develop a consensus about the German wording of each item.
The two translated versions of the questionnaires were discussed with both translators, a pediatric cardiologist, a pediatrician, a nurse in pediatric cardiology, and a teacher, and the final combined version was back translated into English.
Both translators were instructed to aim for conceptual rather than literal translation [ 19].
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com