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Both the study sample and the recruitment process may limit the external validity of the study.
Several limitations of this study should be addressed related to both the study sample and the explorative nature of the study.
Identifiers common to both the study sample and the VAED were the national health insurance (Medicare) card number and suffix (i.e., a given or middle name abbreviated to first 3 letters), date of birth, postcode, sex and country of birth.
Age and gender distribution of both the study sample and the non-participant sample were similar with mean age being respectively 61.10 years (SD = 11.73) and 62.93 years (SD = 12.66), t-value = 1.88, p-value of 0.06 and gender distribution, 38.10 and 45.45 % males, χ = 3.3547, p-value of 0.07.
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Because only 39% of the nonoperated patients included in the study answered both surveys, the study sample may not be representative of all investigated but nonoperated patients.
This effort is restricted both by the study sample as well as from limitation of the methodology employed.
In both Uganda and South Africa, the study sample was made up of persons aged 50 years and above who resided within the respective surveillance populations.
The table shows both the distribution in the study sample (non-weighted), and the estimated distribution representing the Amsterdam population.
The anti-VZV seroprevalence is shown both non-weighted, representing the study sample, and weighted, representing the Amsterdam population.
Statistical significant differences between groups may be a reflection of both the characteristics of the study sample and the sample size.
With regard to the specific eight life domains, in both the representative and the study sample, the highest impacts were observed for 'housing/living condition' and 'family life/children' and the lowest values in the domain 'occupation/work' [ 17].
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