The metallic leaves could be applied over the parchment surface, previously burnished, or over a ground layer.
This suggests the migration of sulphate and calcium ions from the initially marked spots towards ink-free areas of the parchment surface.
The identification of calcium carbonates on the surface of the parchment is an indicator for the liming or whitening of the animal skin, whereas the polishing process of the parchment surface with pumice stone, left traces of silicates, detected by rFTIR.
However, in LIG formulations this decrease occurs as early as the second day of ageing, which is found to happen in parallel to sulphate ion migration from inked areas towards ink-free areas of the parchment surface; this is supported by SEM-EDX and FTIR-ATR data, as discussed in the following sections and seen in Figs. 5, 7, 8, 9 and 10, correspondingly.
Previous Microfocus X-ray scattering experiments have shown that IPA solutions can alter the structure of parchment when it is applied to parchment surfaces [25].
Electron micrograph images of parchment surfaces show a delamination of a glassy surface layer of parchment that has separated in parts from the underlying core of the parchment.
An array of cameras and lamps affixed to the dome will photograph the parchment map's surface as light projects from different angles.
The underlying text is said to be "in palimpsest," and, even though the parchment or other surface is much abraded, the older text is recoverable in the laboratory by such means as the use of ultraviolet light.
Place the buttered side of the parchment directly on the surface of the stuffing, then cover tightly with aluminum foil.
The erasures are beyond retrieval because the surface of the parchment has been so thoroughly erased--scraped away--that the original is no longer visible.
