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For validation purposes, wind tunnel measurements were designed providing drag measurements from both tandem athletes simultaneously using a quarter-scale model.
The 1168 kinase genes were unevenly distributed over all 19 chromosomes, and both tandem and segmental duplications contributed to the expansion of the grapevine kinome, especially of the RLK-Pelle group.
The drag force experienced by individual athletes in all investigated tandem setups was compared to that of solo riders to enhance understanding of the aerodynamic interaction between both tandem athletes.
Fragmentation trees computed from both tandem MS [148] and EI fragmentation data [218] were found to be of good "structural quality" by expert evaluation.
This was partially due to duplicated genes, both tandem and segmental, more frequently having cis-eQTLs (eQTLs located at their physical positions) (Figure 3B).
In contrast, the ompA promoter drove expression of the predicted GFPuv and CAT mRNAs from both tandem or opposed head-to-tail expression cassettes within the same transposon.
Subsequent sequencing and functional analyses of AhHMA4 revealed that enhanced HMA4 expression was the result of both tandem gene triplication and altered cis regulation [19].
The Xist sequences of different mammalian species were analyzed for the presence of both tandem and dispersed repeats using the TRF, RepeatMasker and the repeat database RepBase12.03.
A substantially higher AS rate for shorter exons found in the study (Fig. S5) is consistent with previous studies that suggested that both tandem exon duplication [26] and insertion of noncoding intron sequences [27] could promote AS.
Overall, these data suggests that both tandem and segmental duplicate genes have greater potential to facilitate the generation of intraspecific variation than unique genes, but the tandem genes make a greater contribution.
This pattern suggests a complex history of both tandem and whole-genome duplications.
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