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Meanwhile, the ignition time considering both surface and in-depth absorption is discussed, and the relationship with pure surface and in-depth absorption conditions is obtained.
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This highly attractive quantity has been demonstrate to be of critical importance for acquiring both stable and accurate surface and in-depth heat fluxes, predicting sudden changes in surface heat fluxes without inverse analysis, and predicting the future temperature in a thermal control environment.
Surface and in-depth temperatures during ablation were measured by using optical pyrometers and thermocouples.
The chemical composition of the surface and in-depth layers of each sample were examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction measurements.
Additional instrumentation was added to the specimens for surface and in-depth temperature measurements, which is needed for calculating thermal properties of the composites.
Surface and in-depth compositional analyses evidenced a limited carbon contamination and the Co-existence of niobium nitride, NbON and Nb2O5.
The surface and in-depth thermodynamic behaviors of laminates composed of an epoxy matrix and of carbon reinforcement fabrics are investigated at typical laser weapon power densities.
Surface and in-depth SEM observations have also been performed, and the results are shown in Figure 6. Figure 6a shows a side view of the deposited layer after we performed a focused ion beam (FIB) milling.
The controlled and precise ion beam irradiation can be used to induce surface and in-depth modifications in the properties of the polymers which help in modifying free volume holes and their distributions.
The surface and in-depth composition of the calcined thin films were investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).
In the current study, we investigate the role of substrate pre-treatment on achieving desired nanotopographies, reproducing optimized nanostructures on the complex geometry of commercial implant surfaces, and in-depth mechanical stability testing of these nano-engineered coatings.
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